Material Testing

Polymers, metals, alloys, and composites used in a wide range of industries require exacting materials testing to meet specifications for mechanical response and thermal stability. In applications ranging from solar panels to optical assemblies, glasses, thin films, and coatings must be carefully selected to achieve the right optical characteristics. Whatever your application, partnering with a full-suite material testing lab will help you optimize your products from the ground up!
Covalent offers diverse mechanical analysis, thermal testing, electrical probing, and optical characterization methods for materials analysis to help you ensure your parts and products have precisely the right properties and performance.

4 Point Probe (4PP)
A Four Point Probe (“4PP”) is typically used to measure the sheet resistance of a conducting or semi-conducting material.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) measures surface topography of materials with sub-nm vertical resolution. The technique delivers fast data, with simple scans requiring only a few minutes to complete.

Capillary Flow Porometry (Porometry)
Capillary Flow Porometry (also called Porometry) is an optimal technique for characterizing through-pore size and size distribution in wettable materials, such as membranes, filtration media, ceramics, and papers. Covalent’s Porometry services use a top-of-line porometer from Anton Paar for maximized flexibility, speed, and reproducibility. See Also: Gas Adsorption Analysis for non-permeable solids

Cathodoluminescence (CL)
Cathodoluminescence (CL) is a combination microscopy and spectroscopy technique that produces high-speed spectral maps of optical emissions with nanoscale resolution. It is used to probe diverse features and properties of materials and devices, from the internal structures of direct bandgap semiconductors to surface plasmon resonances in metallic nanoparticles.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique used to characterize a variety of temperature-dependent physical and chemical changes in a material.

Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
Dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) is used to study changes in the mechanical properties of a material under periodic stress as the temperature is varied. DMA results are used to assess: glass transitions, melting points, elastic modulus, strain-to-break, toughness, creep, and numerous other thermal and mechanical properties.

Gas Pycnometry (Pycnometry)
Gas Pycnometry is one of the most widely used techniques for analyzing true and skeletal density of any solid (even ones which are porous, granular, and irregularly shaped!). It provides fast, high accuracy volume measurements that can be used to calculate density and porosity, and can be adapted to analyze purity, quality, volatile organic content, and stability of certain materials. Covalent uses an industry-leading Ultrapyc 5000 Gas Pycnometer from Anton Paar for true density analysis. This tool achieves best-in-class accuracy across the widest array of sample types, including coatings, polymer foams, cements, mining, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, catalysts, metallurgy and more.

Nanoindentation (Nano-Indent)
Nanoindentation (nano-indent) is a quasi-static mode of nanomechanical analysis used to measure hardness and reduced elastic modulus of solid samples. It is especially useful for evaluating thin film coatings.

Nanomechanical Scratch Test (Nano-Scratch)
Nanomechanical scratch testing (nano-scratch) is an alternate nanomechanical testing mode to nano-indent or nano-wear box testing, which is used to measure force response and mechanical properties typically of thin films and coatings.

Porosimetry
Porosimetry (also called "Gas Adsorption" or "Physisorption" Analysis or "BET Analysis") is a highly flexible and accurate technique for measuring specific surface area, pore sizes / size distribution, and overall porosity of solid samples as well as active metal area, dispersion and crystallite size for materials with gas-reactive surface like catalysts. These can impact electrical, physical, and thermal properties and affect overall performance of devices and systems. See also: Capillary Flow Porometry (or Porometry) is an alternative porosity measurement technique suited for permeable samples.

Raman Microscopy (Raman)
Raman spectroscopy is a chemical analysis technique which probes the vibrational modes of compounds. It produces a spectrum which can provide fingerprint identification of materials when compared against a reference library of known standards.

Rheometry (Rheology)
Rheometry measures the flow and deformation of materials in response to applied stress and strain to evaluate their viscoelastic properties. It is used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of samples with both liquid- and solid-like characteristics.
Techniques Showcase

Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM)
FIB-SEM systems are used to produce 2D and 3D images of surface topography, and are able to resolve...

Nanoindentation (Nano-Indent)
Nanoindentation is a quasi-static mode of nanomechanical analysis used to measure hardness and reduced elastic modulus of solid...

Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)
Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM) is a non-destructive and non-invasive imaging technique which uses ultrasound signals to visualize the...

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)
STEM is a hybrid electron microscopy technique used for imaging and morphological characterization with atomic-scale resolution. In Covalent's...

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
TEM is the highest-resolution imaging technique available today. It is used to visualize sample features with atomic-level spatial...

Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOES)
Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) is a quantitative, chemical analytical technique used to study the elemental composition...

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS)
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) is a highly sensitive chemical analysis technique which measures the elemental composition...

Capillary Flow Porometry (Porometry)
Capillary Flow Porometry (also called Porometry) is an optimal technique for characterizing through-pore size and size distribution.

Porosimetry
Gas Adsorption Analysis is used for measuring specific surface area, pore sizes / size distribution, and overall porosity...

Tap Density Analysis
Tap Density Analysis provides fast, effective measurements of the bulk density of powders and establishes a quantitative metric...

Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM)
FIB-SEM systems are used to produce 2D and 3D images of surface topography, and are able to resolve...

X-ray Computed Tomography (Micro-CT)
X-ray computed tomography (often referred to as Micro-CT due to its spatial resolution) is a non-contact, nondestructive 2D...

Nanoindentation (Nano-Indent)
Nanoindentation is a quasi-static mode of nanomechanical analysis used to measure hardness and reduced elastic modulus of solid...