Attenuated-total-reflectance (ATR) is a sampling mode which enhances the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) signal obtained from sample...

Like other high-resolution scanning electron microscopes, Focused-ion-beam scanning electron microscopes (FIB-SEMs) are used to produce 2D...

Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a nondestructive, optical technique used to analyze chemical composition and the...

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) is a destructive chemical analysis technique that measures the elemental...

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) gives the elemental composition of either liquid or digested-solid...

Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) provides quantitative elemental composition information from the very outermost atomic layer of...

Raman spectroscopy is a chemical analysis technique which probes the vibrational modes of compounds. It produces...

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a surface imaging technique that achieves nanometer-scale resolution: orders of magnitude...

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is a hybrid electron microscopy technique used for imaging and morphological...

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the highest-resolution imaging technique available today. It is used to visualize...

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) is often performed with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), a powerful surface chemical...

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a highly surface-specific chemical analytical technique used to probe the elemental...